Learning a new language is like embarking on an exciting journey through an unfamiliar landscape. As you navigate this new terrain, you’ll encounter idioms—phrases that don’t always translate directly but carry significant cultural and contextual meaning. Japanese is rich with such idioms, known as “慣用句” (kan’yōku), which not only add color to the language but also offer insights into Japanese culture, values, and ways of thinking. In this article, we will explore some common Japanese idioms and their meanings, providing you with a deeper understanding of both the language and the culture.
猿も木から落ちる (Saru mo ki kara ochiru) – Even monkeys fall from trees
This idiom is quite popular and carries a straightforward meaning: even experts can make mistakes. In other words, nobody is perfect. It’s a comforting expression that reminds people that errors are a natural part of life, regardless of skill level or experience. The imagery of a monkey, an animal adept at climbing trees, slipping and falling, makes this idiom both memorable and effective.
花より団子 (Hana yori dango) – Dumplings over flowers
At first glance, this idiom might seem puzzling. However, it reveals a lot about practical priorities. “Hana” means flower, and “dango” refers to a type of Japanese dumpling. The idiom suggests that people often prefer practical, tangible benefits (dango) over aesthetic, superficial pleasures (flowers). It underscores the idea that substance is more valuable than appearance.
猫に小判 (Neko ni koban) – Gold coins to a cat
Imagine giving a cat a gold coin; the cat wouldn’t understand its value. This idiom is used to describe a situation where something valuable is given to someone who doesn’t appreciate or understand its worth. It’s akin to the English idiom “casting pearls before swine.” This phrase can be used in various contexts, from education to gifting.
七転び八起き (Nanakorobi yaoki) – Fall seven times, stand up eight
This resilient phrase embodies the spirit of perseverance. It encourages people to keep going despite setbacks, emphasizing the importance of resilience and determination. The numbers seven and eight are used to illustrate that no matter how many times you fall, you should always get back up one more time.
針の穴から天を覗く (Hari no ana kara ten wo nozoku) – Looking at the sky through a needle’s eye
This idiom vividly describes a narrow perspective. When someone is said to be “looking at the sky through a needle’s eye,” it means they are taking a very limited view of a situation or the world. This phrase serves as a reminder to broaden one’s horizons and consider different perspectives.
蛙の子は蛙 (Kaeru no ko wa kaeru) – A frog’s child is a frog
This idiom parallels the English saying “like father, like son” or “the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.” It underscores the idea that children often resemble their parents in behavior, characteristics, or fate. Whether this is seen as a positive or negative reflection depends on the context in which it is used.
石の上にも三年 (Ishi no ue ni mo sannen) – Three years on a stone
Patience is a key value in Japanese culture, and this idiom encapsulates that virtue. It suggests that enduring hardship or persevering in a difficult situation for a long time will eventually yield results. The imagery of sitting on a cold stone for three years implies a long-term commitment to overcoming challenges.
馬の耳に念仏 (Uma no mimi ni nenbutsu) – A Buddhist chant in a horse’s ear
This idiom describes a situation where wise words or advice fall on deaf ears. Just as a horse wouldn’t understand a Buddhist chant, some people are unreceptive to valuable advice or teachings. It’s often used in contexts where someone is trying to impart wisdom to someone who isn’t listening.
目から鱗が落ちる (Me kara uroko ga ochiru) – Scales fall from the eyes
This idiom is used to describe the moment of sudden realization or enlightenment. When the “scales fall from your eyes,” you see things clearly for the first time, similar to the English idiom “the penny drops.” It’s often used to describe an epiphany or a moment of profound understanding.
二兎を追う者は一兎をも得ず (Nito wo oumono wa itto wo mo ezu) – One who chases two rabbits catches neither
This idiom warns against trying to do too many things at once. By attempting to chase two rabbits simultaneously, you end up catching neither. It emphasizes the importance of focusing on one task or goal at a time to achieve success.
柳に風 (Yanagi ni kaze) – The wind through the willow
This idiom illustrates the idea of being flexible and adaptable in the face of challenges. Like a willow that bends with the wind rather than breaking, it suggests that sometimes it’s better to go with the flow rather than resist. This phrase is often used to advocate for a more adaptable and resilient approach to life’s challenges.
頭隠して尻隠さず (Atama kakushite shiri kakusazu) – Hide your head but not your bottom
This idiom paints a humorous picture of someone who thinks they are hiding but leaves a part of themselves exposed. It’s used to describe a situation where someone’s attempt to conceal something is futile because they haven’t hidden it well enough. It’s a reminder that half-measures often don’t work.
泣きっ面に蜂 (Nakittsura ni hachi) – A bee to a crying face
This idiom is similar to the English phrase “when it rains, it pours.” It describes a situation where one misfortune is followed by another, adding insult to injury. The imagery of a bee stinging someone who is already crying highlights the compounding nature of bad luck.
袖振り合うも他生の縁 (Sode furiau mo tashou no en) – Even a chance brushing of sleeves is due to karma from a previous life
This idiom reflects the deep-seated belief in fate and karma in Japanese culture. It suggests that even the smallest, seemingly insignificant encounters are the result of connections from past lives. It’s often used to express the idea that nothing happens by chance and that every interaction has meaning.
猿芝居 (Sarushibai) – Monkey show
This idiom is used to describe an obvious or poorly executed deception or trick. The term originates from the traditional puppet shows that often featured monkeys performing exaggerated, humorous acts. When someone refers to a situation as a “monkey show,” they imply that the deceit is transparent and almost laughable.
魚心あれば水心 (Uogokoro areba mizugokoro) – If the fish is willing, so is the water
This idiom emphasizes mutual cooperation and reciprocity. It suggests that if one party is willing to make an effort, the other party will be accommodating as well. It underscores the importance of mutual respect and understanding in relationships.
背水の陣 (Haisui no jin) – Battle formation with the river at your back
This idiom has its roots in military strategy and signifies a desperate, do-or-die situation. When an army sets up camp with its back to a river, retreat is not an option, forcing the soldiers to fight with everything they have. It’s used to describe situations where one has no choice but to give their utmost effort.
時は金なり (Toki wa kane nari) – Time is money
This idiom is quite similar to its English counterpart and emphasizes the value of time. It underscores the idea that time is a precious resource that should not be wasted. In a broader sense, it encourages efficiency and productivity.
以心伝心 (Ishin denshin) – Telepathy
This idiom describes a situation where two people understand each other without the need for words, almost as if they are communicating telepathically. It highlights the deep level of understanding and connection that can exist between individuals, often seen in close relationships.
一石二鳥 (Isseki nichou) – Killing two birds with one stone
This idiom is directly equivalent to the English “killing two birds with one stone” and signifies achieving two objectives with a single effort. It’s often used to describe efficient solutions or actions that yield multiple benefits.
口は災いの元 (Kuchi wa wazawai no moto) – The mouth is the root of calamity
This idiom serves as a cautionary reminder about the potential consequences of careless speech. It suggests that what you say can lead to trouble, emphasizing the importance of thinking before speaking. It’s a valuable lesson in the power and impact of words.
灯台下暗し (Tōdai moto kurashi) – Darkest under the lamp post
This idiom points out that people often overlook what is right in front of them. Just as the area directly under a lamp post can be dark, we can miss the obvious when it’s too close to us. It’s a reminder to pay attention to what’s near and not take things for granted.
一寸先は闇 (Issun saki wa yami) – An inch ahead is darkness
This idiom highlights the uncertainty of the future. It suggests that no one can predict what lies ahead, emphasizing the unpredictability of life. It serves as a reminder to be prepared for unexpected changes and challenges.
縁の下の力持ち (En no shita no chikaramochi) – A strong person under the veranda
This idiom describes someone who works hard behind the scenes without seeking recognition. Just as a sturdy foundation supports a house unnoticed, these individuals contribute significantly without drawing attention to themselves. It’s a term of respect for those who perform essential but often unseen tasks.
三日坊主 (Mikka bōzu) – A monk for three days
This idiom describes someone who gives up easily or can’t stick to a task. It originates from the idea that someone might become a monk but quit after just three days. It’s often used to describe a lack of perseverance or commitment.
馬鹿は死ななきゃ治らない (Baka wa shinanakya naoranai) – A fool won’t be cured until they die
This idiom expresses the idea that foolishness is a permanent trait. It suggests that some people are so stubborn or set in their ways that they will never change. It’s a rather pessimistic view on the possibility of personal growth or change.
笑う門には福来る (Warau kado niwa fuku kitaru) – Good fortune comes to a smiling gate
This idiom emphasizes the positive effects of a cheerful demeanor. It suggests that happiness and good luck come to those who maintain a positive and welcoming attitude. It’s a reminder of the power of positivity and kindness.
泥棒を捕らえて縄をなう (Dorobō wo toraete nawa wo nau) – Make a rope after catching the thief
This idiom criticizes poor planning and preparation. It describes a situation where someone takes action only after a problem has occurred, rather than preparing in advance. It’s a lesson in the importance of foresight and readiness.
覆水盆に返らず (Fukusuibon ni kaerazu) – Spilt water will not return to the tray
This idiom conveys the idea that some actions are irreversible. Once water is spilled, it can’t be put back in the tray, just as some mistakes or events can’t be undone. It serves as a reminder to consider the consequences of one’s actions carefully.
青天の霹靂 (Seiten no hekireki) – Thunderclap from a clear sky
This idiom describes a sudden, unexpected event, akin to the English phrase “out of the blue.” It conveys the shock and surprise of something happening without warning. It’s often used to describe startling news or developments.
縁起がいい (Engi ga ii) – Good omen
This idiom reflects the Japanese cultural emphasis on omens and signs. It’s used to describe something that is considered to bring good luck or fortune. It highlights the importance of auspicious signs in Japanese culture.
In conclusion, Japanese idioms offer a fascinating glimpse into the culture and mindset of the Japanese people. They are not just linguistic expressions but also cultural artifacts that carry deep meanings and insights. By learning and understanding these idioms, language learners can gain a richer, more nuanced appreciation of the Japanese language and the values it embodies. So, the next time you come across a Japanese idiom, take a moment to delve into its meaning and the cultural context behind it—you’ll find that it adds a whole new dimension to your language learning journey.
